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AVO415 TRMS Digital Multimetre with VFD

Crest factor is the ratio between the value of the peak current or voltage and the RMS value. Crest factor for a pure sinusoidal waveform = 1.414 as the peak value is 1.414 times the RMS value. The illustration shows a example sinusoidal load waveform (blue) and a non- sinusoidal load waveform (red). Both waveforms have a RMS current of 5A. Crest factor for blue waveform = peak current / RMS current = 7.07A / 5A = 1.414. Crest factor for red waveform = 22A / 5A = 4.4                                   Crest factor is important when selecting an AC source as the power supply has to provide the required peak current for a non- sinusoidal load. The specification of a power supply should either state the peak repetitive current or high crest factor to suit non- sinusoidal loads with high peak currents.The AVO415 has a crest rating of ≤3 at full scaleup to 300 V, decreasing linearly to≤1.5 at 600 V 

Digits and Counts are simply two different ways to express the resolution of a DMM.                                                 Counts: (See DMM Counts)Digits: When digits are stated on a DMM the fraction is taken as the most significant digit. Note example: 3½ digits. The half digit is only a 0 or 1 with 3 full digits, so the DMM has a resolution of 1999 (2000 counts).                                                     To complicate matters there are DMMs with 3¾ digits. The means there are 3 full digits and the most significant digit can be 0 to 3. Some manufacturers use the 3¾ indication to show the first digit can be up to 2 or 4; so, in that case the DMM can indicate a maximum of 2999 or 4999. 

The VFD (variable-frequency drive) function eliminates high-frequency noise from AC voltage measurements. This is accomplished using a low-pass filter. To activate, press the MODE button until the VFD symbol appears on the screen.

RMS (Root Mean Square) / TRMS (True Root Mean Square) RMS DMMs use the formula VRMS = VPeak divided by √2 to calculate a reading on a perfect sinewave. An ideal AC waveform should be a perfect sinewave; however nowadays with the abundance of electronic devices either as part of or connected to a circuit the sine wave can now be classed as far from perfect. Non- sinusoidal waveforms with spikes, squares, triangles, and sawtooth patterns can be quite common. A TRMS DMM allows accurate measurements on circuits that contain these waveforms.The TRMS formula is much more complex.                                                         VTRMS = √(V1² + V2² + V3² + V4²....) divided by n  The TRMS of a non-sinusoidal waveform equals the square root of the sum of the squares of a determined number of voltages divided by that number. TRMS DMMs like the AVO415 take multiple voltage readings across the waveform and produces an average final reading. This produces a vastly more accurate measurement on the non-sinusoidal waveform. 

Average response DMMs use an average mathematical formula to measure perfect AC waveforms. Although they can be used to measure non- sinusoidal, distorted waveforms the measurement will have dubious accuracy. Depending on the distorted waveform the measurement can be up to 40% lower or 10% higher on the average reading DMM.  On possible distorted waveforms a TRMS DMM will be the preferred instrument.

Digit rolling or reading rolling is where the display on a DMM may not fully stabilise on certain ranges due to a certain amount of unwanted noise and voltage that is picked up at the input terminals of a DMM.The DC / AC voltage ranges on most DMMs generally use two techniques, NMRR (Normal Mode Rejection Ratio) and CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ration) to reject unwanted noise effects and voltage that present on both the COM and VOLTAGE terminals, with respect to ground, that can cause digit / reading rolling or offset in voltage measurements.NMRR and CMRR is typically specified in terms of dB (decibel). Where neither NMRR nor CMRR specification is specified, a DMM's performance will be uncertain.Due to the fact the resistance range on a DMM utilises a very low voltage to obtain measurements digit / reading rolling generally appears on the lower and upper ranges on an auto ranging DMM. The amount of fluctuation is shown in digits within the specification. 

Counts are the maximum reading a DMM can display before the range changes. Simply, in most cases the larger the number of counts, the higher the resolution; and the higher a DMM’s resolution, the higher its accuracy. Other design factors come into play, a DMM’s accuracy including the accuracy of the analogue-to-digital converter, noise level, component tolerances, and stability of internal references.                                                                                                                                                                                                 The counts spec tells you the absolute value of the full-scale value that a DMM can display, ignoring the location of the decimal point. Ignoring other issues such as analogue-to-digital converter resolution, noise, etc.                                           Example: On a 4-volt source:                                                                                2000 count DMM can display 2 decimal places.     6000 count DMM can display 3 decimal places.                                                                                                                       50000 count DMM can display 4 decimal places.For low count DMMs, the offset accuracy spec (the "digits") generally is a significant fraction of the total measurement accuracy range. So even if the % of range spec is low (e.g., 0.1%), the "digits" can still result in relatively large error.The AVO415 is 6000 count multimeter which makes it a reliable choice. It provides a good balance between cost-effectiveness and accuracy. 

If your work takes you into wet or dusty environments, learn about water, and dust resistance on your multimeter.  Water and dust resistance standards are defined in IEC 60529, which specifies levels of "ingress protection" (IP) from solids and water.An IP rating has of two digits. The first digit specifies the size of excluded objects.Ingress protection levels for solidsLevelObject SizeEffective Against0Object sizeNo protection1>50mmAny large surface of the body2>12.5mmFingers or similar objects3>2.5mmTools, thick wires4>1mmGranular objects. Most wires, screws etc5Dust protectedNot entirely prevented but must not interfere with satisfactory operation6Dust tightNo ingress of dust. DustproofThe second digit of an IP rating specifies the level of protection against water.Ingress protection levels for waterLevelProtected AgainstDetail0Not protected 1Dripping waterVertically falling water. No harmful effect2Dripping water, 15 ° tiltVertically falling water. No harmful effect when unit tilted up to 15 ° from its normal position3Spraying waterWater falling as a spray at up to 60 °. No harmful effect4Splashing waterWater splashing from any direction. No harmful effect5Water jetsWater projected by a nozzle from any direction. No harmful effect6Powerful water jetsWater projected in powerful jets by a nozzle from any direction. No harmful effect7Immersion up to 1mImmersion in water up to 1m for 30 minutes Waterproof to 1m for 30 minutes8Immersion beyond 1mContinuous immersionThe AVO415 has a rating of "IP67." It is designed and tested to be dustproof and to withstand immersion in water to a depth of one meter for 30 minutes.